The Return of Pink Bollworm in India’s Bt Cotton Fields: Livelihood Vulnerabilities of Farming Households in Karimnagar District

Since its introduction in India, Bt ( Bacillus thuringiensis) cotton technology has been the object of controversial scholarly and non-academic debate. The recent return pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella) pests several Indian states provided cause for concern about widespread resistances Lepidopteran towards endotoxins produced plants as well severe setbacks regard to farmers’ livelihood security. This study is first provide empirical evidence on socio-economic consequences attacks India based an exploratory conducted Karimnagar district, Telangana, India. It analyses changed vulnerabilities that smallholders currently face identifies reasons why some peasant farmers can only deal with this technological failure a limited extent.